#Dental calculus classification free

2011), periodontal disease (Barnes et al. These studies have made it possible to search for specific metabolites that can act as biomarkers for a diverse range of disorders and diseases, including cardiovascular disease (Jensen et al.

1972), and disease progression (Yan et al. 2015) have been extensively profiled to define the range of metabolites that are produced in health, and how their levels fluctuate based on changes in activity (Daskalaki et al. Easily obtained human biofluids including serum (Psychogios et al. Profiling metabolites in biological systems to define a metabolome is increasingly common, as it can provide insight into normal and perturbed metabolic processes and their relation to health and disease. Metabolites are small molecular weight molecules produced by a diverse range of enzymatic and chemical reactions, and include products derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources.

The results of this study indicate that certain metabolite classes have higher potential for recovery over long time scales and may serve as appropriate targets for oral microbiome evolutionary studies. Lipids generally persist, and saturated and mono-unsaturated medium and long chain fatty acids appear to be well-preserved, while metabolic derivatives related to oxidation and chemical degradation are found at higher levels in archaeological dental calculus than fresh samples.

#Dental calculus classification free

Resultsĭipeptides, free amino acids, free nucleotides, and carbohydrates substantially decrease in abundance and ubiquity in archaeological samples, with some exceptions. Metabolite profiles of modern and historic calculus were compared to identify patterns of persistence and loss. A subset of historic samples was additionally analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography–MS (GC–MS) and UPLC–MS/MS for further characterization of metabolites and lipids.

Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) quantified 285 metabolites in modern and historic (200 years old) dental calculus, including metabolites of drug and dietary origin. We present the first comprehensive characterization of the human dental calculus metabolome using a multi-platform approach. Recent studies have confirmed the survival of authentic ancient DNA and proteins within historic and prehistoric dental calculus, making it a promising substrate for investigating oral microbiome evolution via direct measurement and comparison of modern and ancient specimens. Successive cycles of dental plaque growth and calcification make it an unusually well-preserved, long-term record of host-microbial interaction in the archaeological record. Dental calculus is a mineralized microbial dental plaque biofilm that forms throughout life by precipitation of salivary calcium salts.